GRAMMAR FOCUS
SIMPLE PRESENT
VERBAL
(+) S + V1+ s/es + 0
(-) S + Do/Does + Not + VI + 0
(?) Do/Does + S + VI + 0
(-?) Don't/Doesn't + S + V I + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Tobe (is, am, are) + 3C
(-) S + Tobe (is, am, are) + Not + 3C
(?) Tobe (is, am, are) + S + 3C
(-?) (is, am, are) + S + Not + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Everyday, every week, every Sunday, often, Always, sometimes, usually, once, twice, etc
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Tobe (is, am, are) + Ving + O
(-) S + Tobe (is, am, are) + Not + Ving + O
(?) Tobe (is, am, are) + S + Ving + O
(-?) (is, am, are) + S + Not + Ving + O
NOMINAL
(+) S + Tobe (is, am, are) + 3C
(-) S + Tobe (is, am, are) + Not + 3:
(?) Tobe (is, am, are) + S + 3C
(-?) (Is, am, are) + S + Not + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
01
50 Now, today, at present, this moment, this Time, everyday at seven O'clock, etc.
3. PRESENT PERFECT
VERBAL
(+) S + Have/Has + V3 + 0
(-) S + Have/Has + Not + V3 + 0
(?) Have/Has + S + V3 + 0
(-?)Haven't/Hasn't + S + V3 + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Have/Has + been + 3C
(-) S + Have/Has + Not + been + 3C
(?) Have/Has + S + been + 3C
(-?) Haven't/Hasn't + S + been + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Just now, up to now, ever, never, already just No ……. yet, etc
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Have/Has + Been + Ving + 0
(-) S + Have/Has + Not +Been + Ving + 0
(?) Have/Has + S + Been + Ving + 0
(-?) Haven't/Hasn't + S + Been + Ving+ 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Have/Has + been + 3C
(-) S + Have/Has + Not + been + 3C
(?) Have/Has + S + been + 3C
(-?) Haven't/Hasn't + S + been + 3C
TIME SIGNAL TIME DURATION
- Recently, All morning For ……………..,
- Lately, all day Since ……………,
5. SIMPLE PAST
VERBAL
(+) S + V2 + 0
(-) S + Did + Not + VI +0
(?) Did + S + Vl + O
(-?) Didn't + S + VI + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Tobe (was, were) + 3C
(-) S + Tobe (was, were) + Not + 3C
(?) Tobe (was, were) + S + 3C
(-?) (wasn't, weren't) + S + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Yesterday, last time, two years ago, three days ago, last week, last year, this morning.
6. PAST CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Tobe (was, were) + Ving + 0
(-) S + Tobe (was, were) + Not +Ving + 0
(?) Tobe (was, were) + S + Ving + 0
(-?) (wasn't, weren't) + S + Not +Ving + -0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Tobe (was, were) + 3C
(-) S + Tobe (was, were) + Not +3C
(?) Tobe (was, were) + S +3C
(-?) (wasn't,weren't) + S +3C
TIME SIGNAL
Yesterday morning, last year on July, last summer on August, yesterday night, etc
03
48
7. PAST PERFECT
VERBAL
(+) S + Had + V3 +0
(-) S + Had + Not + V3 + 0
(?) Had + S + V3 + 0
(-?) Hadn't + S + V3 + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Had + been + 3C
(-) S + Had + Not + been + 3C
(?) Had + S + been + 3C
(-?) Hadn't + S + been + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Ever, never, already, after, before, Just ,The day before, No…yet, etc
8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Had + Been + Ving + 0
(-) S + Had + Not +Been + Ving + 0
(?) Had+ S + Been + Ving + 0
(-?) Hadn't + S + Been + Ving+ -0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Had + been + 30,
(-) S + Had + Not + been + 3C
(?) Had + S + been + 3C
(-?) Hadn't + S + been + 3C
TIME DURATION
- For
- Since
9. SIMPLE FUTURE
VERBAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + V I + 0
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + VI + 0
(?) Will/Shall + S + V I + 0
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + V I + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Be + 3C
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Be 3C
(?) Will/Shall + S + Be + 3C
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Be + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Next time, tomorrow, tonight, next week, Next year, etc
10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Be + Ving + 0
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Be + Ving + 0
(?) Will/Shall + S + Be + Ving + 0
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Be + Ving + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Be + 3C
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Be + 3C
(?) Wilt/Shall + S + Be + 3C
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Be + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Tomorrow night, next month on July, tonight at seven o'clock, etc
05
46
4. Present Perfect Continuous
11. FUTURE PERFECT
VERBAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Have + V3 + 0
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Have + V3 + 0
(?) Will /Shall + S + Have + V3 + 0
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Have + V3 + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Have + Been + 3C
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not +Have + Been + 3C
(?) Will/Shall + S + Have + Been + 3C
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Have + Been + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
By the end of July, by the next week, by time of this year, etc.
12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Have + Been + Ving + O
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Have + Been + Ving +0
(?) Will/Shall + S + Have + Been + Ving + 0
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Have + Been + Ving + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Have + Been + 3C
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not +Have + Been + 3C
(?) Will/Shall + S + Have + Been + 3C
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Have + Been + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Time signal sama dengan Future Perfect cuma menambah For dan since SAJA.
13. PAST FUTURE
VERBAL
(+) S + Would/Should + V I + 0
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + V1 + 0
(?) Would/Should + S + VI + 0
(-?) Wouldn't/ Shouldn't' t+ S+ V 1+ 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Would/Should + Be + 3C
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + Be 3C
(?) Would/Should + S + Be + 3C
(-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Be + 3C
NOTE :
Time signalnya sama dengan Simple Past dan biasanya diikuti oleh penggagal But(tapi), Unfortunately (Sayangnya).
14. PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Would/Should + Be + Ving + 0
(-) S + Would/Should +Not +Be + Ving + 0
(?) Would/Should + S + Be + Ving + 0
(-?) Wouldn't/ Shouldn't + S + Be + Ving + O
NOMINAL
(+) S + Would/Should + Be + 3C
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + Be + 3C
(?) Would/Should + S + Be + 3C
(-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Be + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Yesterday morning, last year on July, last summer on August, yesterday night, etc.
15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT
VERBAL
(+) S + Would/Should + Have + V3 + 0
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + Have + V3 + 0
(?) Would/Should + S + Have + V3 + 0
(-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Have + V3 + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Would/Should + Have + Been + 3C
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + Have + Been + 3C
(?) Would/ Should+ S + Have + Been + 3C
(-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Have + Been + 3C
16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) Would/Should + Have + Been + Ving + 0
(-) Would/Should + Not + Have + Been + Ving + 0
(?) Would/Should + S + Have + Been + Ving + 0
(-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Have + Been + Ving + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Would/Should + Have + Been + 3C
(-) S + Would/Should +Not + Have +Been + 3C
(?) Would/Should + S +I-lave + Been + 3C
(-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Have+ Been + 3C
NOTE FOR TENSES :
1. Simple Present
Kita menggunakan simple present untuk menyatakan aktivitas atau keadaan yang terjadi berulang – ulang atau sepanjang masa atau pada waktu – waktu tertentu.
Contoh : · I have rice for breakfast. (saya sarapan nasi)
· The sun rises in the east. (matahari terbit di timur)
· The stars appear in fine nights. (bintang – bintang tampak pada malam – malam yang cerah)
2. Present Continuous
Kita menggunakan present continuos untuk menyatakan aktifitas yang sedang berlangsung pada saat kita berbicara atau ketika kita berbicara tentang suatu persiapan.
Contoh : · I am teaching you now. (aku sedang mengajar kalian)
· You are listening to my explanation. (kalian sedang mendengarkan penjelasan saya)
· I am going home tomorrow. (aku akan pulang besok)
· She is leaving for Surabaya tonight. (dia jadi berangkat ke Surabaya nanti malam)
3. Present Perfect
Kita menggunakan present perfect untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah selesai kita lakukan pada waktu tak tentu di waktu lampau atau pada jangka waktu yang sampai sekarang belum berakhir.
Contoh : · We have studied 3 tenses. (kami telah belajar 3 tenses)
· She has met her roommate, (dia telah bertemu teman sekamarnya)
· I have had breakfast this morning. (aku sudah sarapan pagi ini)
06 · I have taken my vacation this year. (aku sudah ambil cuti tahun ini)
4. Present Perfect Continuous
Kita menggunakan present perfect continuous untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan berlanjut hingga sekarang.
Contoh : · You have been studying here for two weeks. (kalian sudah belajar disini selama dua minggu)
· We have been going this every year since 1977. (kami telah lakukan hal ini setiap tahun sejak 1977)
5. Simple Past
Kita menggunakan simple past untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang terjadi pada suatu waktu tertentu pada waktu lampau atau pada jangka waktu yang sekarang sudah habis.
Contoh : · My plane landed 2 hours ago. (pesawat ku mendarat 2 jam yang lalu)
· He finished senior school in 1999. (dia lulus SMA tahun 1999)
6. Past Continuous
Kita menggunakan past continuous untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung pada suatu waktu tertentu di waktu lampau atau ketika peristiwa lain terjadi.
Contoh : · We were watching TV at 9 o’clock last night. (kami sedang nonton TV pada pukul 9 tadi malam)
· We were studying when the light went out. (kami sedang ketika lampu padam)
7. Past Perfect
Kita menggunakan past perfect untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang terjadi sebelum suatu pada waktu lampau atau terjadinya suatu peristiwa lain.
Contoh : · I had breakfast before I left yesterday. (aku telah sarapan sebelum aku berangkat kemarin)
( We had studied simple present before we studied simple past. (kami telah belajar simple present sebelum kami belajar simple past).
8. Past Perfect Continuous
Kita menggunakan past perfect continuous untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang berlanjut hingga suatu waktu tertentu pada waktu lampau dan biasanya lamanya dinyatakan.
Contoh : ( I had been living here for 12 years when I started to study at junior high school. (aku telah tinggal disini selama 12 tahun ketika aku mulai belajar di SMP)
( He had been talking on the phone for 10’ when he heard a knock. (dia telah berbicara di telepon selama 10 menit ketika dia mendengar ketukan)
9. Simple Future
Kita menggunakan simpel future untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan dilakukan / terjadi pada waktu tertentu atau pada jangka waktu di waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh : We shall start the meeting at 7 o’clock. (kami akan memulai pertemuannya jam tujuh nanti)
10. Future Continuous
Kita menggunakan future continuous untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang (akan) sedang berlangsung pada suatu waktu tertentu pada waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh : ( We shall be studying in this room this time tomorrow. (kami akan belajar di ruang ini satu hari dari sekarang)
( He will be discussing whit his subordinates at 8 o’clock tomorrow. (dia akan berdiskusi dengan bawahannya jam 8 besok)
11. Future Perfect
Kita menggunakan future perfect untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang selesai sebelum suatu waktu tertentu pada waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh : ( I shall have finished reading this book by the end of next week. (saya akan telah selesai membaca buku ini sebelum akhir minggu depan)
( My brother will have left for his office by 6.45 am tomorrow. (kakakku akan telah berangkat ke kantornya sebelum pukul 6.45 pagi besok)
12. Future Perfect Continuous
Kita menggunakan future perfect continuous untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang berlanjut hingga suatu waktu tertentu pada masa yang akan datang dan lamanya disebutkan.
Contoh : ( We shall have been studying English at BEC for 3 weeks by the end of this week. (kami akan telah belajar bahasa Inggris di BEC selama 3 minggu menjelang akhir minggu ini)
( They will have been sitting over there for 3 hours by 10 o’clock. (mereka akan telah duduk disana selama 3 jam menjelang pukul 10 nanti)
Past Future / Conditional Tenses
Kita menggunakan pas future untuk :
1. Dalam kalimat pengandaian
contoh : ( If I were you, I would buy a new house. (seandainya saya jadi kamu saya akan membeli rumah baru)
( If I had not rained yesterday, I would have come to your house. (seandainya kemarin tidak hujan saya akan datang ke rumah mu).
SIMPLE PRESENT
VERBAL
(+) S + V1+ s/es + 0
(-) S + Do/Does + Not + VI + 0
(?) Do/Does + S + VI + 0
(-?) Don't/Doesn't + S + V I + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Tobe (is, am, are) + 3C
(-) S + Tobe (is, am, are) + Not + 3C
(?) Tobe (is, am, are) + S + 3C
(-?) (is, am, are) + S + Not + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Everyday, every week, every Sunday, often, Always, sometimes, usually, once, twice, etc
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Tobe (is, am, are) + Ving + O
(-) S + Tobe (is, am, are) + Not + Ving + O
(?) Tobe (is, am, are) + S + Ving + O
(-?) (is, am, are) + S + Not + Ving + O
NOMINAL
(+) S + Tobe (is, am, are) + 3C
(-) S + Tobe (is, am, are) + Not + 3:
(?) Tobe (is, am, are) + S + 3C
(-?) (Is, am, are) + S + Not + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
01
50 Now, today, at present, this moment, this Time, everyday at seven O'clock, etc.
3. PRESENT PERFECT
VERBAL
(+) S + Have/Has + V3 + 0
(-) S + Have/Has + Not + V3 + 0
(?) Have/Has + S + V3 + 0
(-?)Haven't/Hasn't + S + V3 + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Have/Has + been + 3C
(-) S + Have/Has + Not + been + 3C
(?) Have/Has + S + been + 3C
(-?) Haven't/Hasn't + S + been + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Just now, up to now, ever, never, already just No ……. yet, etc
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Have/Has + Been + Ving + 0
(-) S + Have/Has + Not +Been + Ving + 0
(?) Have/Has + S + Been + Ving + 0
(-?) Haven't/Hasn't + S + Been + Ving+ 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Have/Has + been + 3C
(-) S + Have/Has + Not + been + 3C
(?) Have/Has + S + been + 3C
(-?) Haven't/Hasn't + S + been + 3C
TIME SIGNAL TIME DURATION
- Recently, All morning For ……………..,
- Lately, all day Since ……………,
5. SIMPLE PAST
VERBAL
(+) S + V2 + 0
(-) S + Did + Not + VI +0
(?) Did + S + Vl + O
(-?) Didn't + S + VI + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Tobe (was, were) + 3C
(-) S + Tobe (was, were) + Not + 3C
(?) Tobe (was, were) + S + 3C
(-?) (wasn't, weren't) + S + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Yesterday, last time, two years ago, three days ago, last week, last year, this morning.
6. PAST CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Tobe (was, were) + Ving + 0
(-) S + Tobe (was, were) + Not +Ving + 0
(?) Tobe (was, were) + S + Ving + 0
(-?) (wasn't, weren't) + S + Not +Ving + -0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Tobe (was, were) + 3C
(-) S + Tobe (was, were) + Not +3C
(?) Tobe (was, were) + S +3C
(-?) (wasn't,weren't) + S +3C
TIME SIGNAL
Yesterday morning, last year on July, last summer on August, yesterday night, etc
03
48
7. PAST PERFECT
VERBAL
(+) S + Had + V3 +0
(-) S + Had + Not + V3 + 0
(?) Had + S + V3 + 0
(-?) Hadn't + S + V3 + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Had + been + 3C
(-) S + Had + Not + been + 3C
(?) Had + S + been + 3C
(-?) Hadn't + S + been + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Ever, never, already, after, before, Just ,The day before, No…yet, etc
8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Had + Been + Ving + 0
(-) S + Had + Not +Been + Ving + 0
(?) Had+ S + Been + Ving + 0
(-?) Hadn't + S + Been + Ving+ -0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Had + been + 30,
(-) S + Had + Not + been + 3C
(?) Had + S + been + 3C
(-?) Hadn't + S + been + 3C
TIME DURATION
- For
- Since
9. SIMPLE FUTURE
VERBAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + V I + 0
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + VI + 0
(?) Will/Shall + S + V I + 0
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + V I + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Be + 3C
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Be 3C
(?) Will/Shall + S + Be + 3C
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Be + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Next time, tomorrow, tonight, next week, Next year, etc
10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Be + Ving + 0
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Be + Ving + 0
(?) Will/Shall + S + Be + Ving + 0
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Be + Ving + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Be + 3C
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Be + 3C
(?) Wilt/Shall + S + Be + 3C
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Be + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Tomorrow night, next month on July, tonight at seven o'clock, etc
05
46
4. Present Perfect Continuous
11. FUTURE PERFECT
VERBAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Have + V3 + 0
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Have + V3 + 0
(?) Will /Shall + S + Have + V3 + 0
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Have + V3 + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Have + Been + 3C
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not +Have + Been + 3C
(?) Will/Shall + S + Have + Been + 3C
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Have + Been + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
By the end of July, by the next week, by time of this year, etc.
12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Have + Been + Ving + O
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Have + Been + Ving +0
(?) Will/Shall + S + Have + Been + Ving + 0
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Have + Been + Ving + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Will/Shall + Have + Been + 3C
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not +Have + Been + 3C
(?) Will/Shall + S + Have + Been + 3C
(-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Have + Been + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Time signal sama dengan Future Perfect cuma menambah For dan since SAJA.
13. PAST FUTURE
VERBAL
(+) S + Would/Should + V I + 0
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + V1 + 0
(?) Would/Should + S + VI + 0
(-?) Wouldn't/ Shouldn't' t+ S+ V 1+ 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Would/Should + Be + 3C
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + Be 3C
(?) Would/Should + S + Be + 3C
(-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Be + 3C
NOTE :
Time signalnya sama dengan Simple Past dan biasanya diikuti oleh penggagal But(tapi), Unfortunately (Sayangnya).
14. PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) S + Would/Should + Be + Ving + 0
(-) S + Would/Should +Not +Be + Ving + 0
(?) Would/Should + S + Be + Ving + 0
(-?) Wouldn't/ Shouldn't + S + Be + Ving + O
NOMINAL
(+) S + Would/Should + Be + 3C
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + Be + 3C
(?) Would/Should + S + Be + 3C
(-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Be + 3C
TIME SIGNAL
Yesterday morning, last year on July, last summer on August, yesterday night, etc.
15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT
VERBAL
(+) S + Would/Should + Have + V3 + 0
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + Have + V3 + 0
(?) Would/Should + S + Have + V3 + 0
(-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Have + V3 + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Would/Should + Have + Been + 3C
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + Have + Been + 3C
(?) Would/ Should+ S + Have + Been + 3C
(-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Have + Been + 3C
16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
VERBAL
(+) Would/Should + Have + Been + Ving + 0
(-) Would/Should + Not + Have + Been + Ving + 0
(?) Would/Should + S + Have + Been + Ving + 0
(-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Have + Been + Ving + 0
NOMINAL
(+) S + Would/Should + Have + Been + 3C
(-) S + Would/Should +Not + Have +Been + 3C
(?) Would/Should + S +I-lave + Been + 3C
(-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Have+ Been + 3C
NOTE FOR TENSES :
1. Simple Present
Kita menggunakan simple present untuk menyatakan aktivitas atau keadaan yang terjadi berulang – ulang atau sepanjang masa atau pada waktu – waktu tertentu.
Contoh : · I have rice for breakfast. (saya sarapan nasi)
· The sun rises in the east. (matahari terbit di timur)
· The stars appear in fine nights. (bintang – bintang tampak pada malam – malam yang cerah)
2. Present Continuous
Kita menggunakan present continuos untuk menyatakan aktifitas yang sedang berlangsung pada saat kita berbicara atau ketika kita berbicara tentang suatu persiapan.
Contoh : · I am teaching you now. (aku sedang mengajar kalian)
· You are listening to my explanation. (kalian sedang mendengarkan penjelasan saya)
· I am going home tomorrow. (aku akan pulang besok)
· She is leaving for Surabaya tonight. (dia jadi berangkat ke Surabaya nanti malam)
3. Present Perfect
Kita menggunakan present perfect untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah selesai kita lakukan pada waktu tak tentu di waktu lampau atau pada jangka waktu yang sampai sekarang belum berakhir.
Contoh : · We have studied 3 tenses. (kami telah belajar 3 tenses)
· She has met her roommate, (dia telah bertemu teman sekamarnya)
· I have had breakfast this morning. (aku sudah sarapan pagi ini)
06 · I have taken my vacation this year. (aku sudah ambil cuti tahun ini)
4. Present Perfect Continuous
Kita menggunakan present perfect continuous untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan berlanjut hingga sekarang.
Contoh : · You have been studying here for two weeks. (kalian sudah belajar disini selama dua minggu)
· We have been going this every year since 1977. (kami telah lakukan hal ini setiap tahun sejak 1977)
5. Simple Past
Kita menggunakan simple past untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang terjadi pada suatu waktu tertentu pada waktu lampau atau pada jangka waktu yang sekarang sudah habis.
Contoh : · My plane landed 2 hours ago. (pesawat ku mendarat 2 jam yang lalu)
· He finished senior school in 1999. (dia lulus SMA tahun 1999)
6. Past Continuous
Kita menggunakan past continuous untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung pada suatu waktu tertentu di waktu lampau atau ketika peristiwa lain terjadi.
Contoh : · We were watching TV at 9 o’clock last night. (kami sedang nonton TV pada pukul 9 tadi malam)
· We were studying when the light went out. (kami sedang ketika lampu padam)
7. Past Perfect
Kita menggunakan past perfect untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang terjadi sebelum suatu pada waktu lampau atau terjadinya suatu peristiwa lain.
Contoh : · I had breakfast before I left yesterday. (aku telah sarapan sebelum aku berangkat kemarin)
( We had studied simple present before we studied simple past. (kami telah belajar simple present sebelum kami belajar simple past).
8. Past Perfect Continuous
Kita menggunakan past perfect continuous untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang berlanjut hingga suatu waktu tertentu pada waktu lampau dan biasanya lamanya dinyatakan.
Contoh : ( I had been living here for 12 years when I started to study at junior high school. (aku telah tinggal disini selama 12 tahun ketika aku mulai belajar di SMP)
( He had been talking on the phone for 10’ when he heard a knock. (dia telah berbicara di telepon selama 10 menit ketika dia mendengar ketukan)
9. Simple Future
Kita menggunakan simpel future untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan dilakukan / terjadi pada waktu tertentu atau pada jangka waktu di waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh : We shall start the meeting at 7 o’clock. (kami akan memulai pertemuannya jam tujuh nanti)
10. Future Continuous
Kita menggunakan future continuous untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang (akan) sedang berlangsung pada suatu waktu tertentu pada waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh : ( We shall be studying in this room this time tomorrow. (kami akan belajar di ruang ini satu hari dari sekarang)
( He will be discussing whit his subordinates at 8 o’clock tomorrow. (dia akan berdiskusi dengan bawahannya jam 8 besok)
11. Future Perfect
Kita menggunakan future perfect untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang selesai sebelum suatu waktu tertentu pada waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh : ( I shall have finished reading this book by the end of next week. (saya akan telah selesai membaca buku ini sebelum akhir minggu depan)
( My brother will have left for his office by 6.45 am tomorrow. (kakakku akan telah berangkat ke kantornya sebelum pukul 6.45 pagi besok)
12. Future Perfect Continuous
Kita menggunakan future perfect continuous untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang berlanjut hingga suatu waktu tertentu pada masa yang akan datang dan lamanya disebutkan.
Contoh : ( We shall have been studying English at BEC for 3 weeks by the end of this week. (kami akan telah belajar bahasa Inggris di BEC selama 3 minggu menjelang akhir minggu ini)
( They will have been sitting over there for 3 hours by 10 o’clock. (mereka akan telah duduk disana selama 3 jam menjelang pukul 10 nanti)
Past Future / Conditional Tenses
Kita menggunakan pas future untuk :
1. Dalam kalimat pengandaian
contoh : ( If I were you, I would buy a new house. (seandainya saya jadi kamu saya akan membeli rumah baru)
( If I had not rained yesterday, I would have come to your house. (seandainya kemarin tidak hujan saya akan datang ke rumah mu).
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